Changes On The Western Frontier

Historical aspect of modernistic-24-hour interval Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The North-Due west Frontier (present-twenty-four hour period Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) was a region of the British Indian Empire. It remains the western frontier of present-day Pakistan, extending from the Pamir Knot in the north to the Koh-i-Malik Siah in the west,^[2] and separating the modern Pakistani frontier regions of North-West Borderland Province (renamed equally Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Balochistan from neighbouring Transitional islamic state of afghanistan in the west. The borderline between is officially known as the Durand Line and divides Pashtun inhabitants of these provinces from Pashtuns in eastern Afghanistan.

The two master gateways on the North West Frontier are the Khyber and Bolan Passes. Since ancient times, the Indian subcontinent has been repeatedly invaded through these northwestern routes. With the expansion of the Russian Empire into Cardinal Asia in the twentieth century, stability of the Borderland and command of Afghanistan became cornerstones of defensive strategy for British India.

Much of the Borderland was occupied by Ranjit Singh in the early 19th century, and then taken over by the East India Visitor when information technology annexed the Punjab in 1849.^[3]

Between 1849 and 1947 the war machine history of the frontier was a succession of punitive expeditions against offending Pashtun (or Pathan) tribes, punctuated past iii wars against Afghanistan. Many British officers who went on to distinguished command in the Beginning and Second Earth Wars learnt their soldiering on the North-W Frontier, which they called the Grim.^[4]

Contestants [edit]

Afghanistan [edit]

In 1747 when Ahmad Khān Abdālī seized control of Kandahar, Kabul, and Peshawar, and, as Ahmad Shah Durrani, was proclaimed Shah of the Afghans.^[five] He went on to conquer Herat and Khorassan, and established an empire from the Oxus to the Indus.^[vi] On his death in 1773, the Afghan domain included Baluchistan, Sindh, the Punjab, and Kashmir.^[5] Ahmad Shah was succeeded past his son Timur Shah Durrani, whose rule of twenty years saw the Afghan tide begin to ebb. Timur left many sons merely no heir, and the resultant internecine struggles for the throne lasted more than xxx years. During this menstruation the Punjab was effectively ceded to its erstwhile governor Ranjit Singh, Iran recovered Khorassan, and Sindh broke abroad.^[five] In 1813 Sikh forces from the Punjab crossed the Indus and seized the old Mughal fort at Attock. In 1819 Kashmir was lost, and w of the Indus Derajat also. Iv years afterwards the winter capital letter at Peshawar came under attack.^[seven]

In 1826 Dost Mohammad Khan emerged as undisputed ruler in Kabul, and was at that place proclaimed Emir.^[eight] He defeated a further endeavour to oust him past his exiled rival Shuja Shah Durrani in 1833; still the Sikhs seized all of Peshawar the post-obit year. In 1837 Dost Mohammad launched a counter-assail through the Khyber, but the Afghan force was halted at Jamrud Fort.^[nine] Dost Mohammad had sought assist from the East Bharat Company against the resurgent Punjab, simply was rebuffed. So Dost Mohammad turned to Purple Russia for assist.^[8]

Sikh Empire (1799–1849) [edit]

Overview of Afghanistan and the Countries on the Northwest Border of India 1842

Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ), (1780–1839) was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. His Samadhi is located in Lahore, Pakistan.

He then spent the post-obit years fighting the Afghans, driving them out of western Punjab, taking opportunity of the Afghans existence embroiled in ceremonious war. The deposed Afghan king Shah Shuja rallied a significant number of tribes and received British backing in the grade of the Sikh army against the Barakzai king Dost Muhammad. The civil war in Afghanistan coupled with a British backed set on meant that the Sikhs could virtually walk into Peshawar. They managed to capture Pashtun territory including Peshawar which was nether direct British supervision and control.

British East Bharat Visitor [edit]

Loma Tribes men sniping a British Force

At the kickoff of the nineteenth century, the East Republic of india Visitor controlled southern India, Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa (modern Odisha). Say-so was gained at the expense of its French equivalent, the Compagnie des Indes. Britain and France were at war, and the Franco-Persian alliance of 1807, followed the same year by the Franco-Russian Treaty of Tilsit, alerted the HEIC to the external threat posed from the due north-west.^[10]

By 1819 only Sindh and the Sikh Empire remained exterior the company's control. Napoleon was vanquished, simply the Empire of the Tsars had begun to expand south and e. Russian influence grew likewise, and by the early on 1830s Qajar Irān was within the Tsar's sphere. Attempts by Irān to recover Herat in 1834, and over again in 1837, raised the spectre of Russian armies on the road to Kandahar, whence directly access to Bharat through the Khojak and Bolan passes.^[11]

Meanwhile, the conflict between Afghanistan and the Punjab focused on the Khyber route. Dost Mohammad appealed to the HEIC for aid in recovering Peshawar, but the visitor could non help him without alienating its treaty marry Ranjit Singh. When Dost Mohammad redirected his appeal to Russia, the Governor-General Lord Auckland resolved to depose Dost Mohammad, and replace him with Shuja Shah Durrani. Restored to his throne in Kabul, the exiled onetime ruler would have the Sikh gains west of the Indus, and the Company controlling his foreign policy. The agreement was formalised with the Treaty of Simla signed in June 1838 between Shah Shuja, the HEIC, and Ranjit Singh.^[12]

British Indian Empire [edit]

Chronology [edit]

1800–1837 (Afghan-Sikh Wars) [edit]

Battle of Attock (1813)
Battle of Multan (1818)
Battle of Shopian (1819)
Battle of Nowshera (1823)
Battle of Jamrud (1837)

1838–48 (First Afghan War to 2nd Sikh War) [edit]

Offset Anglo-Afghan State of war (1838–1842)
Sindh Entrada (1843)
Get-go Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)
2d Anglo-Sikh State of war (1848–49)

1849–58 (Second Sikh War to Sepoy Defection) [edit]

In the period following the annexation of the Punjab in 1849 until the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, several expeditions were undertaken confronting almost every tribe along the whole of the North-West Frontier, well-nigh notably under Sir Charles Napier and Sir Colin Campbell, nether orders from the governor-general, Lord Dalhousie. Disgusted at being instructed to burn down Pathan villages, first Napier and and so Campbell resigned and returned to England. Campbell had already decided that the all-time method of dealing with the tribesmen on the borderland was through bribery.^[xiii]

When the Sepoy Rebellion broke out Amir Dost Mohammad Khan came under internal pressure to seize the advantage and attack India. However he stood by his treaty obligations. This allowed Indian troops on the borderland to deploy to Delhi and deal with the revolt centered at that place.^[3]

Operations against the Baizai (1849)
Operations in the Kohat Pass (1850)
Mohmand Expeditions (1851–2)
Ranizai Expedition (1852)
First Black Mount Expedition (1852)
Shirani Expedition (1853)
Afridi Expedition (1853)
Aka Khel Expedition (1855)
Operations against the Orakzais (1855)
Miranzai Valley Expeditions (1855–6)
Bozdar Expedition (1857)
Expedition against the Hindustani Fanatics (1857-8).^[14]
Sepoy Rebellion (1857–viii) (Indian Mutiny)

1859–1878 (Sepoy Revolt to 2nd Afghan State of war) [edit]

Kabul Khel Trek (1859)
Mahsud Expedition (1860)
Umbeyla Campaign (1863)
Operations at Shabkadar (1863–4)
2nd Black Mount Expedition (1868)
Bazotee Expedition (1868)
Operations in the Tochi Valley (1872)
Jowaki Trek (1877–eight)
Operations confronting the Utman Khel (1878)

1878–1898 (Second Afghan War to Frontier Rebellion) [edit]

In 1877, Amir Sher Ali received a Russian mission in Kabul, but refused to accept one from India. The following year Sher Ali signed a treaty with Russia. India sent a mission anyway, just the mission and its armed escort were denied passage through the Khyber Pass. India threatened to invade, and when no apology was forthcoming, did then. Sher Ali died while fleeing to Russian territory, and his son Yakub succeeded him. On May 26, 1879, Amir Yakub signed the Treaty of Gandamak, whereby Transitional islamic state of afghanistan surrendered its foreign policy to India, which in turn promised protection from assailment. Afghanistan ceded some territory and accepted a British Resident in Kabul.^[15]

In September 1879, some half dozen weeks after establishing his residency, Sir Louis Cavagnari and his escort were murdered. Hostilities promptly resumed. Yakub's ground forces was defeated in September 1880, and his throne was offered to, and accustomed by, Abdur Rahman, who agreed to surrender all claims on the Khyber, the Kurram, Sibi, and Pishin.^[16]

Second Afghan State of war (1878–1880)
Zakka Khel Expeditions (1878–9)
Operations against the Mohmands (1878–fourscore)^[17]
Operations against the Zaimukht (1878–ix)
Operations against the Marris (1880)
Mahsud-Waziri Expedition (1881)
Expedition to the Takht-i-Suliman (1883)
Third Black Mountain Trek (1888)
Operations in the Zhob Valley (1890–one)
Fourth Black Mountain Trek (1891)
Miranzai Expeditions (1891)
Hunza-Nagar Expedition (1891)
Mahsud Expedition (1894–five)
Chitral trek (1895)
Tochi Valley Trek (1897)
Siege of Malakand (1897)
Operations of the Buner Field Force (1897-1898)^[eighteen]
Tirah Campaign (1897)
Offset Mohmand entrada (1897-1898)

1898–1914 (Frontier Revolt to Dandy War) [edit]

Mahsud Waziri blockade (1900–1902)
Kabul Khel Expedition (1902)
Bazar Valley campaign (1908)
Mohmand Expedition of 1908

1914–1918 (Beginning World State of war) [edit]

In back up of the British war effort, the Indian Army deployed expeditionary forces to the Western Front, E Africa, Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, Sinai and Palestine.^[19] Republic of india was thus vulnerable to hostile attention from Afghanistan. A Turco-German language mission arrived in Kabul in October 1915 with obvious strategic purpose. However, Amir Habibulla abided by his treaty obligations and maintained Afghanistan's neutrality, in the face of internal opposition from factions keen to side with the Ottoman Sultan.^[16] Hostilities on the frontier remained local.

Operations in the Tochi (1914–15)
Operations confronting the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis (1915)
Kalat Operations (1915-16)^[20]
Mohmand Blockade (1916–17)
Operations against the Mahsuds (1917)
Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes (1918)^[20] ^[21]

1919–39 (between the wars) [edit]

Having upheld Afghan neutrality while India was engaged in the Neat State of war, Habibulla sought full independence for Afghanistan in February 1919.^[22] Such a advantage might accept consolidated his rule, simply later that month he was murdered.^[23]

His successor Amanullah pursued a similar policy past different means. With India'due south Army de-mobilising, and its Government preoccupied with violent unrest in western India, Amanullah sent his troops across the Frontier in early May. At the terminate of the calendar month he sought an armistice, which was granted on 3 June.^[24] By the Treaty of Rawalpindi signed in Baronial, Afghanistan gained control of its foreign diplomacy, and in plough, recognised the Durand Line equally its border with Bharat.^[25]

The brusque-lived war had long-term consequences in Waziristan, where tribesmen rallied to Amanullah's cause. The western militia posts were abandoned. Many of the militia deserted, taking their modernistic weapons and joining their swain tribesmen in attacking the remaining posts. As a consequence, the Indian Ground forces's Waziristan Forcefulness was fully engaged in re-establishing the posts and restoring the lines of communication from November until May 1920. The western base at Wana was finally reoccupied in December 1920.^[26]

The long-term plan for control of the district entailed building metalled roads along the lines of communication to a new primal base to be established at Razmak. In 1921 work began on the southern road up the Tank Zam from Jandola, nether the protection of the Waziristan Force. The following year work on the northern road from the Tochi began at Idak, shielded by the Razmak Force advancing to its objective. The two roads met in 1924, linking Due north and South Waziristan, and enabling the Indian Ground forces to reorganise both areas as one military commune.^[27] The Waziristan and Razmak Field Forces then devolved into brigades based permanently at Manzai, Razmak, Gardai, and Bannu.^[28]

The following year the few tribal sections in Due south Waziristan remaining openly hostile were subdued past aircraft lonely. For this operation the No. ii (Indian) Wing of the RAF under Wing Commander Richard Pink was based at Tank and Miranshah.^[29] Shipping comprising the Wana Patrol maintained regular weekly contact with the posts at Wana and Tanai until 1929, when the route from Sarwekai was completed, and the Manzai brigade relocated to Wana.^[30]

Punjab Rebellion,^[31] including the Amritsar Massacre (1919)
3rd Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
Operations in Waziristan (1919–20)
Operations in Waziristan (1921–24)
Pink's War (1925)
Operation against the Mohmands (1927)
Afridi Redshirt Rebellion (1930–31)
Mohmand and Bajaur Operations (1933)
Loe Agra Campaign (1935)
2d Mohmand Campaign (1935)
Operations in Waziristan (1936–39)^[32]

1940–1947 (2d World War to independence) [edit]

From 1940 to 1947, Waziristan and indeed most of the Frontier remained relatively calm^[33] and the British were able to divert almost of their war machine endeavour to more important theatres. In that location were, however, brief periods of trouble^[34] on the borderland, which required the British to continue to maintain a armed services presence in the region, although for the chief they were able to employ mainly garrison or rear-area troops during this time, thus allowing them to gratuitous up front-line units for active service elsewhere.

Trained regular troops were badly needed for the war confronting Frg and Japan.

Razmak, Wana and Bannu were garrisoned with half-trained units which suffered serious reverses, losing men, rifles, and light machine-guns.^[35]

In 1944, a British committee under Lieutenant-General Sir Francis Tuker was ready upwards to review time to come policy for the region.^[36] Every bit function of its findings, it recommended a return to the Curzon Plan, which advocated the withdrawal of all regular forces from tribal territory into outposts, or cantonments, forth the administrative edge from where they could keep an eye on things. The unadministered districts would then once over again become the responsibility of the local militias.^[36]

Withdrawal [edit]

In 1947, following the independence, the North-West Frontier region became a part of the newly formed nation of Rule of Pakistan.^[37] Based upon the recommendations of the Tucker committee in 1944 (see above), the newly formed Pakistani government decided to movement away from the previous British policy of 'forward defence force' in the N-West Frontier region and ordered the withdrawal of forces from Waziristan, equally information technology was felt that the presence of a regular armed services force in the region was provoking tensions with the local tribesmen.^[36] This withdrawal began on Dec 6, 1947 and was successfully completed by the terminate of the month nether the codename Operation Curzon.^[37]

Handling of prisoners-of-war [edit]

According to the British officeholder John Masters, Pashtun women in the Due north-W Frontier Province (1901–2010) of British India during the Anglo-Afghan Wars would brutally gang-rape non-Muslim soldiers who were captured, especially British and Sikhs.^[38] ^[39] Pashtun women urinated into prisoners' mouths.^[forty] A method of execution by this is recorded: captured British soldiers were spread out and fastened with restraints to the ground, and then a stick, or a piece of wood was used to keep their rima oris open to preclude swallowing. Pashtun women and so squatted and urinated directly into the mouth of the man until he drowned in the urine, taking turns ane at a time.^[41] ^[42] ^[43] ^[44] ^[45] ^[46] ^[47] This method of execution was reported to accept been practiced specifically by the women of the Afridi tribe of the Pashtuns.^[48]

Military machine formations [edit]

Corps of Guides [edit]

Corps of cavalry and infantry, raised at Peshawar in 1846 past Lt. Harry Lumsden, and later based at Hoti Mardan.^[49] Originally i troop of cavalry and two companies of infantry,^[50] the cavalry component later expanded to ii½ squadrons, and the infantry to 4½ companies.^[49] Two further infantry battalions were raised in 1917.^[51]

From its inception the corps was clothed in native style, with smock, baggy trousers and turban of home-spun cotton, and jerkin of sheepskin. The cotton fiber was dyed grey with a derivative of a dwarf palm known equally mazari, while the leather was dyed khaki with mulberry juice. Thus was military apparel offset coloured khaki for its cover-up upshot, and the Guides were the get-go troops to wear it.^[52] ^{[ unreliable source? ]} The drab colour is well suited to the barren rocky terrain of the N-W Frontier, and all only one of the other Punjab borderland units soon followed the Guides example.^[53]

In 1848 the 2d Sikh War bankrupt out and the corps won its first battle honours; 'MOOLTAN', '1000OOJERAT', and 'PUNJAUB'. Thereafter the Guides were engaged in about frontier affairs, and from 1857 the corps was included in the Punjab Irregular Force, and subsequently in the Punjab Frontier Force.

That same yr the Corps of Guides was ordered to Delhi, covering the 930 km from Mardan in xx-2 days and famously going into action on arrival.^[54] They were duly honoured with DELHI 1857.^[55]

At the commencement of the Second Afghan War in 1878, the Guides Infantry, together with the 1st Sikh Infantry, PFF, took part in forcing the Khyber, and were prominent in seizing the fortress of Ali Masjid.^[56] For this and subsequent efforts the Corps of Guides was awarded the battle honours ALI GrandASJID, One thousandABUL 1879, and AFGHANISTAN 1878–eighty.

The concluding decade of the 19th century saw the Guides employed in the Chitral campaign of 1895, and the Punjab Frontier Revolt of 1897–8. Thus was the corps awarded the boxing honours 'CHITRAL', 'MALAKAND', and 'PUNJAB FRONTIER'.

The reforms of 1903 gave to the Queen'south Ain Corps of Guides (Lumsden's) a subsidiary title in the form of its founders name, but left it bags. In 1911 the corps took up Frontier Force as its first subsidiary title.^[49]

During the Starting time Earth War the cavalry branch of the Corps was deployed overseas to Mesopotamia, but non earlier winning a further honour in its own territory; 'N.W. FRONTIER INDIA 1915'.^[50]

In 1922 the separation became permanent, when the mounted branch was redesignated the 10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force),^[57] and the infantry was amalgamated equally the 5th Battalion, 12th Frontier Strength Regiment (Queen Victoria'south Ain Corps of Guides).^[58]

Sind Frontier Force [edit]

Formed in 1846 to guard the southern part of the North-West Borderland. Initially consisting of just the Scinde Irregular Horse, the force under Capt. John Jacob was function of the Bombay Ground forces.^[59]

Cavalry [edit]

The Scinde Irregular Equus caballus was raised at Hyderabad in 1839 by Capt. Ward.^[60]

The regiment earned its first battle honour during the Operations in Scinde 1839-42, when it was awarded the unique distinction 'CUTCHEE'.^[61] For the subsequent Scinde Campaign of 1843 it was awarded 'MEEANEE' and 'HYDERABAD'.^[62]

A second regiment was raised at Hyderabad in 1846 by Capt. J. Jacob.^[63]

During the 2nd Sikh State of war both the 1st and 2nd Irregular Equus caballus earned further distinction with 'One thousandOOLTAN', 'ThousandOOJERAT', and 'PUNJAUB'.^[64]

A third regiment was raised in 1857,^[65] and in 1860 the regiments were designated simply Scinde Horse.^[lx] ^[63]

The 1st Scinde Equus caballus was deployed to suppress the Sepoy Revolt of 1857–viii, and was duly awarded CENTRAL INDIA.^[66]

All 3 regiments were rewarded for their part in the 2d Afghan War:-

1st Scinde Horse; AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
2nd Scinde Horse; AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
3rd Scinde Equus caballus; 1000ANDAHAR 1880, AFGHANISTAN 1878-fourscore^[67]

Its hard-won honours however, the 3rd regiment was disbanded in 1882.^[65]

The 1st and 2nd Regiments joined the Mumbai line in 1885 as the 5th and 6th Bombay Cavalry respectively.^[sixty] ^[63]

In the reformed Indian Army in 1903 they were also redesignated 35th Scinde Horse^[60] and 36th Jacob's Horse.^[63]

Infantry [edit]

Jacob's Rifles, raised in 1858 by Maj. John Jacob.^[68]

In 1861 the rifles joined the Mumbai line as the 30th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.^[68]

The regiment was honoured for its part in the Second Afghan War with AFGHANISTAN 1878-fourscore^[67]

Designated 130th Baluchis in 1903, the subsidiary title was restored in 1910.^[68]

Artillery [edit]

The force was augmented with No. 2 Coy. Bombay Native Artillery in 1875, when that company relieved the men of Jacob's Rfles manning the guns of the force headquarters at Jacobabad.^[69]

Converted to a mountain bombardment the post-obit year, the company was appropriately redesignated No. 2 Bombay Mountain Battery.^[lxx]

For its part in the Second Afghan War the battery was awarded the honour AFGHANISTAN 1878-80^[67]

Later re-numbered as No. 6 (Mumbai) Mountain Battery, and then briefly renamed the Jullundur Mount Battery, the unit took its place in the reformed Indian Ground forces of 1903 every bit 26th Jacob's Mount Bombardment.^[70]

Frontier Brigade [edit]

Created in 1846 to police the newly acquired Punjab border against the Pakhtun hill tribes.^[71]

The brigade was formed past Lt. Col. Henry Montgomery Lawrence from 4 regiments of infantry raised in 1846 from veterans of the Sikh forces disbanded after the First Anglo-Sikh War:-

1st Regiment, raised at Hoshiarpur past Capt. J. South. Hodgson.^[72]
2d Regiment, raised at Kangra past Capt. J. W. V. Stephen.^[73]
tertiary Regiment, raised at Firozpur by Capt. F. Winter.^[74]
4th Regiment, raised at Ludhiana by Capt. C. Mackenzie.^[75]

The brigades Borderland designation was discontinued in 1847, and the four regiments became Sikh Local Infantry.

For their part in the Second Sikh War the 1st and second (or Loma) regiments were awarded the battle honour 'PUNJAUB'.^[72] ^[73]

Transfrontier Brigade [edit]

Formed by Col. Henry Lawrence in 1849.

Cavalry [edit]

Five cavalry regiments were raised in 1849 and designated Punjab Cavalry:-

1st Regiment, raised at Peshawar past Lt. H. Daly.^[76]
second Regiment, raised at Lahore by Lt. S. J. Browne.^[77]
third Regiment, raised at Lahore past Lt. W. G. Prendergast.^[78]
4th Regiment
5th Regiment, raised at Multan by Capt. R. Fitzgerald.^[79]

Infantry [edit]

Five infantry regiments were raised in 1849 from Sikh Darbar regiments disbanded after the 2d Anglo-Sikh War, and designated Punjab Infantry:-

1st Regiment, raised at Peshawar by Capt. John Coke.^[80]
2nd Regiment, raised at Mianwali by Lt. L. C. Johnston.^[81]
3rd Regiment
quaternary Regiment, raised at Lahore by Capt. George Gladwin Denniss II.^[82]
5th Regiment, raised at Leiah by Capt. James Eardley Gastrell.^[83]
6th Regiment, originally raised at Karachi in 1843 every bit the Scinde Camel Corps, and redesignated Punjab Infantry in 1853.^[84]

Punjab Irregular Force [edit]

Formed in 1851 by combining the Corps of Guides, the 4 regiments of Sikh Local Infantry, the Transfrontier Brigade, and five batteries of arms.^[59] The units of the force came to be known collectively from its initials equally Piffers .

Cavalry [edit]

The Punjab Cavalry regiments were redesignated Cavalry, Punjab Irregular Force.^[85]

While the third and fourth regiments remained on the borderland,^[86] ^[87] the 1st, 2nd, and 5th were employed in suppressing the Sepoy Defection, and later rewarded with the battle honours DELHI 1857, and 50UCKNOW.^[55]

Artillery [edit]

Batteries were raised from diverse sources:-

No. 1 Horse Low-cal Field Battery, PIF
No. ii Equus caballus Low-cal Field Battery, PIF, raised at Bannu in 1851 by Lt. H. Hammond, from detachments of horse artillery formerly in the service of the Lahore Darbar.^[88]
No. iii Horse Lite Field Bombardment, PIF, raised at Dera Ghazi Khan in 1849 by Lt. D. McNeill, from a disbanded troop of horse artillery formerly in the service of the Lahore Darbar.^[89]
No. 4 or Garrison Visitor, PIF, raised at Bannu in 1851 past Lt. Southward. Due west. Stokes, from the supernumeraries of a Sikh disengagement of arms which had been broken upwardly and drafted into the horse light field batteries.^[ninety]

The Horse Low-cal Field Batteries were mostly known as Punjab Light Field Batteries.^[88] ^[89]

Later the force gained two further batteries:-

Hazara Mount Railroad train Bombardment, PIF, in 1856. (Formed at Haripur in 1851, past Lt. M. Chiliad. Pearse.)^[91]
Peshawar Mount Railroad train Bombardment, PIF, in 1862. (Formed at Peshawar in 1853 past Capt. T. Brougham.)^[91]

Infantry [edit]

In 1857 the four regiments of Sikh Local Infantry became Sikh Infantry, Punjab Irregular Force.^[92]

The six Punjab Infantry regiments were merely redesignated Infantry, Punjab Irregular Force.^[93]

The quaternary Regiment of Sikh Infantry served in the Second Burma State of war, winning the honour PEGU, and then marched 900 km from Abbottabad in thirty days to help suppress the defection in Delhi, and like the Guides going into action on arrival.^[54] In that location it won also DELHI 1857.^[55] The other Sikh Infantry regiments remained in the Punjab.^[94]

Leaving the 3rd, 5th, & 6th Punjab Infantry Regiments to guard the frontier, the 1st, second, and fourth were sent to put down the revolt in Delhi.^[95] There they earned the honour DELHI 1857. The 2nd and 4th regiments were besides rewarded with FiftyUCKNOW.^[55]

From 1861 the force included a 7th Infantry Regiment, formed from the Hazara Gurkha Battalion, which later that year joined the Gurkha Line equally the 5th Gurkha Regiment.^[96]

Punjab Frontier Strength [edit]

In 1865 the Punjab Irregular Forcefulness was renamed the Punjab Frontier Force, and the elective units were redesignated accordingly.

During peacetime the Force was nether the directly control of the Lt.-Governor of the Punjab,^[97] but in war it came nether the Commander-in-Chief, India.^[71]

After the three Presidency armies, it was the most of import war machine force at the Governor-General's disposal. Deployed and engaged in numerous border expeditions, it became the near experienced torso of fighting troops in India.^[71] Most of the force saw action during the 2nd Afghan War. The designation Punjab Borderland Force was dropped in 1901, simply with the Kitchener Reforms of the British Indian Ground forces two years later, the former stardom was restored to the newly re-numbered regiments in the grade of the subsidiary title Borderland Force.

Cavalry [edit]

Officially designated Cavalry, Punjab Frontier Force, the before style endured, and was restored in 1901.^[85]

Four of the regiments were honoured for service in the Second Afghan State of war:-

1st Punjab Cavalry; AHMED ChiliadHEL, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
2nd Punjab Cavalry; AHMED GHEL, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
tertiary Punjab Cavalry; 1000ANDAHAR 1880, AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
5th Punjab Cavalry; CHARASIA, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1878-fourscore^[98]

The 4th regiment served on the frontier earlier being disbanded in 1882.^[99]

In 1903 the 4 remaining regiments were brought into the new Indian Regular army line by calculation 20 to their original numbers:-

21st Prince Albert Victor'southward Ain Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse)^[76]
22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Borderland Force)^[77]
23rd Cavalry (Borderland Forcefulness)^[78]
25th Cavalry (Frontier Force)^[79]

Arms [edit]

The 2 mountain trains were redesignated mount batteries in 1865.^[91]

In 1876 the 3 Punjab Light Field Batteries were reduced to form two further mountain batteries,^[59] and the iv were then renumbered according to their relative precedence, and designated Punjab Mountain Batteries, Punjab Frontier Force.^[100]

The former Garrison Company was as well renumbered in the same sequence to go the No. 5 Garrison Bombardment, Punjab Frontier Force.^[90]

All four mountain batteries were honoured for their part in the Second Afghan State of war:-

No. one (Kohat) Punjab Mountain Battery; PEIWAR KOTAL, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
No. 2 (Derajat) Punjab Mountain Battery; CHARASIA, ThousandABUL 1879, ChiliadANDAHAR 1880, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
No. iii (Peshawar) Punjab Mount Bombardment; AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
No. 4 (Hazara) Punjab Mountain Battery; ALI MASJID, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1879-80^[98]

In 1895 the Derajat and Hazara Mountain Batteries were part of the relief expedition that was rewarded with the honor CHITRAL.^[101]

The Frontier Revolt of 1897-8 saw the Kohat and Derajat batteries in activeness again, earning the honours TIRAH and PUNJAB FRONTIER.^[102]

In 1901 the battery numbers were dropped, and they became known past name only.^[103] Two years afterwards the 4 mount batteries were re-numbered from twenty-one, and the former Piffer batteries were thus:-

21st Kohat Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)^[88]
22nd Derajat Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)^[89]
23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery (Borderland Force)^[91]
24th Hazara Mount Battery (Frontier Force)^[91]
The Frontier Garrison Artillery^[90]

Infantry [edit]

The iv Sikh regiments were simply redesignated Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force.^[92]

The 6 former Punjab Infantry regiments were officially redesignated Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force, but the earlier way lingered and was restored in 1901.^[93]

Although never designated as such, the 5th Gurkha Regiment was brigaded with the force in practice.^[71]

All just 2 of the infantry regiments took the field in the Second Afghan War, and their subsequent awards were:-

1st Sikh Infantry; ALI GASJID, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
second Sikh Infantry; AMED 1000HEL, One thousandANDAHAR 1880, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
3rd Sikh Infantry; KABUL 1879, KANDAHAR 1880, AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
1st Punjab Infantry; AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
2nd Punjab Infantry; PEIWAR KOTAL, AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
4th Punjab Infantry; AFGHANISTAN 1879-eighty
5th Punjab Infantry; PEIWAR KOTAL, CHARASIA, MABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1878-eighty
5th Gurkha Regiment; PEIWAR 1000OTAL, CHARASIA, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80^[98]

Spending cuts after the state of war resulted in the disbandment of the 3rd Punjab Infantry in 1882.^[104]

Spared the same fate, the quaternary Sikh Infantry was employed in the expedition of 1895 earning the honour CHITRAL.^[101]

The Frontier Revolt of 1897-eight saw the tertiary Sikh and 2nd Punjab Infantries employed in the Tirah Campaign, earning them the honors TIRAH and PUNJAB FRONTIER. The 5th Gurkha Rifles was also awarded PUNJAB FRONTIER.^[102]

In 1903 the four Sikh Infantry regiments were brought into the new Indian Regular army Line by adding fifty to their original numbers:-

51st Sikhs (Frontier Forcefulness)^[72]
52nd Sikhs (Frontier Forcefulness)^[73]
53rd Sikhs (Frontier Force)^[74]
54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)^[75]

The 5 remaining regiments of Punjab Infantry were consecutively renumbered in the same sequence to become:-

55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Strength)^[fourscore]
56th Punjabi Rifles (Frontier Force)^[81]
57th Wilde's Rifles (Frontier Force)^[82]
58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Forcefulness)^[83]
59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Forcefulness)^[84]

The 5th Gurkha Rifles (Borderland Force) took on the subsidiary title denoting their origin.^[96]

Frontier Constabulary [edit]

Borderland Corps [edit]

Although the units of the Frontier Corps operated under a variety of titles, from Rifles to Militia to Scouts, information technology was the latter term that came to stand up as the generic term, and equally new units were formed, information technology was the give-and-take 'Scouts' that became stock-still and formalised for the regimental titles. The expression 'Scouts' was a militarily neutral term, conveying neither the "crevice" reputation associated with the word 'Rifles' (cf.: 60th Rifles [HM], Gurkha Rifles [IA], etc.), nor the rather second-rate expectations of the term 'Militia'. As General Baden-Powell noted, when he was looking, many years afterwards, for a suitably inspiring term to adopt for his youth motility to train immature boys in fieldcraft and other 'para-armed forces' activities, the word Scouts encapsulated a spirit of 'nuance' (enthusiasm), expertise - inside a defined set of skills- and familiarity with both the local atmospheric condition. Similarly, the Scouts of the Frontier Corps understood both the local terrain and the local political minefields, that is, who could be trusted (east.g. the Turi), and who could never (near invariably, this would hateful the Mahsuds); who was currently nursing a grievance and therefore best avoided, and who had just had a merits settled to their satisfaction and might be uncharacteristically friendly.

Similar many things British, the evolution of the units of Scouts into the Frontier Corps was organic, unplanned and initially unsystematic. It began, in the British way, every bit an improvisation to meet a need; it was maintained considering it guaranteed sure unique skills at an adequate toll (the slap-up Empire may accept vaunted its 'pomp and circumstance' to wow the impressionable, but backside the scenes the deciding factor was often simply the acceptability or otherwise to HM Treasury) and only and then was the principle regularised, standardised and systemised (cf. the development of the Frontier Force, from irregulars to a corps d'elite).

Chronology [edit]

1878: the Khyber Rifles^[105]
1889: the Zhob Militia^[106] ^[107]
1892: the Kurram Militia^[107]
1900: the Chitral Scouts^[108]
1900: the North Waziristan Militia^[109]
1900: the South Waziristan Militia^[109]
1913: the Gilgit Scouts^[108]
1914–eighteen: the Great War in Europe and the Nearly East
1917: the Mohmand Militia^[110]
1919: Third Anglo-Afghan War
1919: Khyber Rifles disbanded^[111]
1921: South Waziristan Militia disbanded^[112]
1921: Mohmand Militia disbanded^[110]
1922: the Tochi Scouts^[113]
1922: the South Waziristan Scouts^[112] ^[114]
1939–45: the Second Earth War
1946: the Pishin Scouts^[115]
1946: Khyber Rifles reformed^[115]
1947: independence of Pakistan in 1947
1948: the Chagai Militia^[116] ^[117]
1949: the Northern Scouts^[117] ^[118]
1949: the Thal Scouts^[117]
1960: the Mahsud Scouts^[119] ^[120]
1961: the Bajaur Scouts^[120]
1964: the Karakoram Scouts^[117]
1965: the Kalat Scouts^[117]
1973: the Shawal Scouts^[120]

Location [edit]

Geographically, the Scouts were located, from n to south, as follows:

The Gilgit Scouts. HQ: Gilgit
The Chitral Scouts
The Khyber Rifles
The Kurram Militia. HQ: Parachinar
The North Waziristan Militia, then: The Tochi Scouts. HQ: Miranshah.
The S Waziristan Militia, then: The South Waziristan Scouts. HQ: (Militia): Wana, so (Scouts): Jandola.
The Zhob Militia. HQ: Fort Sandeman
(The Pishin Scouts)

Tribal affiliations [edit]

The Frontier Corps were not founded expressly on a tribal basis, just the older corps drew their recruits from the local tribal expanse:

the Khyber Rifles from the tribes bordering the Khyber; namely the Afridi, Shinwari, and Mullagori^[110]
the Kurram Militia from the Turi and Bangash of the Kurram Valley^[110]
the Chitral Scouts from the Chitrali of Chitral^[121]

Notable men of the Borderland Corps [edit]

George Roos-Keppel: founder of the Kurram Militia.

Run into also [edit]

Military history of Pakistan
List of Pashtun empires and dynasties
Bannu District
Gomal River
Kohat Pass
Tank

References [edit]

^ As well known as the Sittana Expeditions.
^ The Third Afghan State of war 1919 Official Business relationship, p. 2
^ ^a ^b The Tertiary Afghan War 1919 Official Account, p. 10
^ Wilkinson-Latham, pp. 3 & 38
^ ^a ^b ^c The Third Afghan State of war 1919 Official Account, p. 8
^ Barthorp 2002, p. 14
^ Barthorp 2002, pp. 15-18
^ ^a ^b Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account, p. 9
^ Barthorp 2002, p. 18
^ Barthorp 2002, p. 19
^ Barthorp 2002, p. 29
^ Barthorp 2002, pp. 30-31
^ Greenwood, ch.six
^ Also known every bit the Sittana Expeditions.
^ Wilkinson-Latham, p. 14-fifteen
^ ^a ^b The Tertiary Afghan War 1919 Official Account, p. 11
^ Includes the Expedition to Kam Dakka.
^ Includes the action at Laudakai and the capture of the Tanga Pass
^ Sumner, p. 6
^ ^a ^b Baluchistan
^ Report of the Battles Classification Committee
^ Robson, Crisis on the Frontier p. 8
^ Robson, Crisis on the Frontier p. 9
^ The Third Afghan State of war 1919 Official Account, p. 50
^ Robson, Crisis on the Borderland pp. 136–seven
^ Official History of Operations on the Due north. West. Frontier of Bharat 1920-35, p.vii
^ Official History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of Bharat 1920-35 pp. 29 & 31
^ Official History of Operations on the North. W. Frontier of India 1920-35 pp. 66 & 67
^ Stiles p. 105
^ Official History of Operations on the North. W. Frontier of India 1920-35 p. 48
^ The 3rd Afghan State of war 1919 Official Business relationship p. xiii
^ Operations against the Fakir of Ipi.
^ Barthorp 2002 p. 175.
^ Indeed, in 1940, Pathan tribesmen launched a large attack on the 1/6 GR who were stationed in Waziristan at the fourth dimension, although there were no casualties. See Cantankerous & Buddhiman 2002, p. 114.
^ Chenevix Trench, p.241
^ ^a ^b ^c Barthorp 2002, pp. 176–177.
^ ^a ^b Cheema 2002, p. 53.
^ John Masters (1956). Bugles and a tiger: a volume of autobiography. Viking Press. p. 190. ISBN9780670194506 . Retrieved v April 2011.
^ Michael Barthorp, Douglas N. Anderson (1996). The Frontier ablaze: the N-west frontier rising, 1897-98. Windrow & Greene. p. 12. ISBN1859150233 . Retrieved 5 April 2011.
^ George Devereux (1976). Dreams in Greek tragedy: an ethno-psycho-analytical study. University of California Printing. p. 237. ISBN0520029216 . Retrieved v April 2011.
^ John Masters (1956). Bugles and a tiger: a volume of autobiography. Viking Press. p. 190. ISBN9780670194506 . Retrieved five Apr 2011.
^ Donald F. Featherstone (1973). Colonial small wars, 1837-1901. David & Charles. p. 9. ISBN0715357115 . Retrieved five Apr 2011.
^ Charles Miller (1977). Khyber, British India's Northward W frontier: the story of an imperial migraine. Macdonald and Jane's. p. 359. ISBN0354041673 . Retrieved five April 2011.
^ Donald Sydney Richards (1990). The savage frontier: a history of the Anglo-Afghan wars. Macmillan. p. 182. ISBN0333525574 . Retrieved 5 April 2011.
^ Charles Chenevix Trench (1985). The frontier scouts . Cape. ISBN0224023217 . Retrieved 5 Apr 2011.
^ H. S. Mahle (1985). Indo-Anglian fiction: some perceptions : including some lectures on Karnadʾs Tughlaq. Jainsons Publications. p. 24. Retrieved 5 Apr 2011.
^ John Masters (June 13, 2002). Bugles and a Tiger. Cassell Armed services (June 13, 2002). p. 190. ISBN0304361569.
^ Robert East. 50. Masters, Eduard Lea (1963). Perverse crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p. 211. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Quarterly Indian Ground forces Listing January 1919, p. 964
^ ^a ^b Jackson, p. 85
^ Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, pp. 968 & 970
^ Jackson p. 537
^ Jackson, p. 538
^ ^a ^b Gaylor, p. 171
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Roger, p. 55
^ Jackson, p. ninety
^ Jackson, pp. 542–543
^ Jackson, pp. 556–557
^ ^a ^b ^c Heathcote, p.27
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 941
^ Roger, p.53
^ Roger, p. 48-49
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 943
^ Roger, p.51-52
^ ^a ^b Gaylor, p.89
^ Roger, p. 56
^ ^a ^b ^c Roger, p.48-58
^ ^a ^b ^c Quarterly Indian Army Listing January 1919, p. 1517
^ Jackson p.178
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Army Listing January 1919, p. 975
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Robson, The Road to Kabul, p. 59
^ ^a ^b ^c Quarterly Indian Ground forces List January 1919, p. 1227
^ ^a ^b ^c Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1231
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Regular army List January 1919, p. 1235
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Ground forces List January 1919, p. 1239
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 915
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Regular army List January 1919, p. 917
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 919
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 921
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Ground forces List January 1919, p. 1243
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1247
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Ground forces Listing Jan 1919, p. 1251.Known as Denniss Ka Pultan; Correspondence of Lt.Col. George Gladwin Denniss 2(1821-1862), 1st European Bengal Fusiliers, edited by Peter Chantler, Due south Molton, Devon, 2010. Denniss was eldest son of Lt.Col. George Gladwin Denniss I(1792-1856), C.B., Bengal Royal Equus caballus Artillery.
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Ground forces List January 1919, p. 1255. He was of 13th Bengal Native Infantry Regiment, Cadetship applied for 1833/4.
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Regular army List Jan 1919, p. 1259
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Ground forces List January 1919, pp.915-921
^ Jackson, p.96
^ Jackson, p. 102
^ ^a ^b ^c Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 972
^ ^a ^b ^c Quarterly Indian Army List Jan 1919, p. 973
^ ^a ^b ^c Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 979
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Quarterly Indian Regular army List January 1919, p. 974
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, pp. 1227-ix
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Army Listing January 1919, pp. 1243-59
^ Jackson, p. 313
^ Jackson, p. 325
^ ^a ^b Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1617
^ The Punjab then included what later became the North-West Frontier Province
^ ^a ^b ^c Roger, p. 57-59
^ Gaylor, p. 84
^ Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919 pp. 972-four
^ ^a ^b Roger, p. 63
^ ^a ^b Roger p. 64-five
^ Gaylor p. 107
^ Gaylor, p.175
^ Start raised as the Khyber Jezailchis. Chenevix Trench, p. 8
^ Raised as the Zhob Levy Corps
^ ^a ^b Chenevix Trench, p. 12
^ ^a ^b Chenevix Trench, p. 13
^ ^a ^b Chenevix Trench, p. 14
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account, p. 20
^ The 3rd Afghan War 1919 Official Account, p. 46
^ ^a ^b Chenevix Trench, p. 53
^ Formed from the remnant North Waziristan Militia, Chenevix Trench, p. 51
^ Formed from the Mohmand Militia and the remnant S Waziristan Militia
^ ^a ^b Chenevix Trench, p.263
^ Formed by upgrading the Mekran and Chagai Levy Corps
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^{due east} Chenevix Trench, p.280
^ Incorporated the Gilgit Scouts
^ Formed from Labour Battalions raised in the 1930s
^ ^a ^b ^c Chenevix Trench, p.281
^ The Third Afghan State of war 1919 Official Account, p.19

Other sources [edit]

Regular army Headquarters, India (1919). Quarterly Indian Regular army Listing January 1919. Calcutta.
Barthorp, Michael (1982). The North-West Borderland, New Orchard (beginning edition, after edition below).
Barthorp, Michael (2002). Afghan Wars and the North-W Frontier 1839–1947. Cassell. London. ISBN 0-304-36294-8.
Battles Classification Committee (1921). The Official Names of the Battles and other Engagements fought past the Armed forces Forces of the British Empire during the Swell War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War 1919. His Majesty'southward Stationery Office, London.
Chenevix Trench, Charles (1985). The Frontier Scouts. Jonathan Cape. London. ISBN 0-224-02321-7.
Cross, J. & Buddhiman Gurung (2002). Gurkhas at War. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-727-four.
Jackson, Maj. Donovan (1940). India's Army. Sampson Low. London.
General Staff Branch, Army Headquarters, India. (1926). The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account. Authorities of Bharat, Central Publication Branch. Calcutta.
Nevill, Capt. H.50. (1912). Campaigns on the North-Westward Frontier. Reprinted by Bombardment Printing, 1999.
Official History of Operations on the N. West. Frontier of India 1920-35 Parts I, II and III. Naval & Armed forces Press in clan with the Imperial War Museum. ISBN 1843427648.
Pervaz Iqbal Cheema (2002). The Armed services of Pakistan. Allen & Unwin. ISBN one-86508-119-1.
Robson, Brian (2004). Crunch on the Frontier: The Tertiary Afghan State of war and the Campaign in Waziristan 1919–20. Spellmount. Staplehurst, Kent. ISBN 978-one-86227-211-8.
Robson, Brian (2007). The Route to Kabul: The Second Afghan State of war 1878–1881. Spellmount. Stroud, Gloucestershire. ISBN 978-i-86227-416-7.
Roger, Alexander (2003). Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces 1662–1991. Crowood Printing. Marlborough, Wiltshire. ISBN 1-86126-637-5.
Stiles, Richard One thousand. One thousand. (1992). The Story of the India General Service Medal 1908–1935. Terence Wise. Knighton, Powys. ISBN 1-85674-010-two.
Sumner, Ian (2001). The Indian Regular army 1914–1947. Osprey Publishing. Oxford. ISBN i-84176-196-6.
Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1977). North-West Frontier 1837–1947, Osprey Publishing. London. ISBN 0-85045-275-ix.
Moreman, Tim (1998). The Army in Republic of india and the Development of Borderland Warfare 1847–1947. Macmillan: London.

External links [edit]

Sikhs contribution in First Earth State of war
War One and Its Touch Upon Punjabis^{[ permanent dead link ]}
Truthful Confront of the Sikhs
The Risings on the North West Frontier
Pashto History - the Frontier Corps
Learning from History